Abstract: flame retardant theory research is the flame retardant technology foundation, the current domestic researchers have begun to pay attention to. A hand to study various kinds of fiber, fabric burning theory, but also on the flame retardant in the fiber on the flame retardant mechanism. With the development of testing techniques, this work has become possible. Combustion and flame retardant theory research to find new flame retardant, flame retardant, improve the flame retardant methods determine the level to provide the theory basis, have important real significance.
Key words: flame retardant mechanism of the flame retardant finishing technology
In recent years, as the world textile fire caused by increasing. Our country for more than a decade, the average annual incidence of fire 3 times - 40000, 2 - 3000 people killed, Fire Losses converted into cash 2, 300000000 yuan. In 1985, Harbin swan hotel fire killed ten people, injured seven people, the direct economic loss of 249000 yuan of; 1994, Karamay fire, killing more than 300 people, are a result of textile caused by combustion.
Flame retardant fiber research and development -- China flame retardant fiber research and development starts at 70 time; 80 time up to now, Shanghai, Jilin, Shandong, Guangdong, Sichuan, Tianjin, Beijing, Jiangsu and other provinces and cities some scientific research units, institutions and factories have been studied on flame retardant fiber, polyester and polypropylene has formed a production capacity, but generally speaking, flame retardant fiber products is still in the study and test phases.
One, flame retardant fabric
The flame retardant is mostly phosphorus, halogen organic compounds or organic compounds and inorganic compounds, the individual polymer material, such as cyclic aromatic phosphate ester, ethyl four bromo bisphenol A ( polyester ); polyvinyl chloride two ene, six Br-cAMP decane, oxalate, phosphate ester ( five bases ) three phenyl ester chlorinated paraffin, hexachlorocyclopentadiene two prepolymer etc ( PP ); containing synergist halide system, organic phosphide ( nylon); vinyl chloride vinylidene chloride, bromide, vinyl, five trioxide ( acrylic ) and phenoxy phosphazene, Sai Weng phosphate (glue ).
( a ) flame retardant mechanism
Flame retardant and fire are closely related. Most new ideas that combustion should be four elements: fuel, heat, oxygen, chain reaction. Usually the flammable fabrics can be divided into three stages, namely: thermal decomposition, thermal ignition ( spontaneous ), thermal ignition ( combustion propagation ), on different stages of combustion of four elements corresponding flame retardant resistance, on the formation of various flame retardant mechanism and flame retardant mechanism of interrupt phase.
For different flame retardant mechanism will produce different types of flame retardant. But regardless of the flame retardant its flame retardant mechanism to try to make the fabric fiber products through retardant treatment, may improve its oxygen index is the objective. In other words, is to make the fabric burning critical condition is not easy to achieve and realize the effect of flame retardant. Among them, the oxygen index is an important parameter, apparently, oxygen index is high, flame retardant effect is better. Usually, the oxygen index should not be less than 28, Tianjin Fire Research Institute has developed the oxygen index reached 90 flame retardant.
( two) the classification of flame retardant
In view of the different flame retardant mechanism, produced different flame retardant. Such as inorganic flame retardant agent mainly in the condensed phase function; including the fontanelle flame retardant mainly in the gas phase effect; a lot of organophosphorus flame retardant both in the condensed phase function, and the heat exchange effect of interruption. Following this several flame retardant progress to make a briefly.
1 flame retardant containing fontanelle
( 1): organic flame retardants containing fontanelle organic flame retardant effect is achieved by the climax has heavier than air fontanelle hydrogen, deposited in the combustion of the outer, dilution of the surrounding air, isolated fresh air, the burning substance asphyxia, at the same time fontanelle hydrogen can also capture the hydroxyl free radical, so that the flame is reduced.
Usually just using bromine or chlorine compounds, the United States of America FMC company Kronitex460 phenyl phosphate, joined to the PMT and PET fibers to, respectively, showed a good processing properties and thermal stability of.
Chlorinated flame retardants brominated flame retardants than less effective. This is because the C-Cl button ( 674 cards / mole ) than CBr keys ( 544 cards / mole ) of big, not easy to produce free radical. At present, CFRs and inorganic flame retardant synergistic use, such as the United States of America Qxchem company with zinc - iron of Minamata replaced three antimony oxide DechloramPlush synergistic agent used in nylon 66, achieved very good results.
Flame retardant containing fontanelle due to fire induced smoke contains fontanelle acid, may have caused purely by the fire can cause the circuit switch and other metal objects corrosion. On the human respiratory tract and other organs damage is more serious, it tends to be eliminated.
( 2): inorganic flame retardant inorganic flame retardant used is endothermic effect, its main advantage is the cheap price. Inorganic flame retardant development trend is to provide more quality products, hand to fine, super fine particles, the other is to improve the size distribution development. Lonza company from magnesium silicon salt in the preparation of Mg ( OH ) 2 710 m particle diameter. The zinc, boron based flame retardant, the United States Humphony chemical company the zinc borate is mixed with molybdenum compound, flame-retardant effect is better.
2 organic phosphorus flame retardants
Organic phosphorus flame retardant mechanism of inorganic phosphorus retardant mechanism with the same. But due to the fabric material body physical performance influence is relatively small and shine. Moreover, organic phosphorus flame retardants such as usual strong liquidity, big smoke mass, easy to hydrolysis and thermal stability has been overcome shortcomings. Organic phosphorus flame retardants include fontanelle phosphorus and phosphorus containing chimney.
( 1) including the fontanelle phosphate owing to containing fontanelle hormone and P two elements, so that the flame retardants in the gas phase and condensed phase function at the same time, flame retardant effect is very ideal, including fontanelle phosphate has low volatile, colorless, odourless, hydrolysis resistance and other advantages, but poor heat resistance. For example, the United States of America FMC company Star DB-460 is a brominated phosphate - including 4%P and 60%Br, because of its high efficiency and on the mechanical properties of the maintenance and elimination of antimony synergistic agent use and popular.
For the improvement of thermal stability, the United States of America AKZO company successfully developed a new brominated phosphate products -- Fyrol, the flame retardant consists of five bromo two benzene oxide and phenyl phosphate mixture, containing bromine 50%, can provide excellent thermal stability and resistance to coke.
( 2) a phosphate containing fontanelle fontanelle due to phosphate compounds arising from environmental impact, causing people to research program gradually to a fontanelle phosphate transfer. For example, the United States of America Monanto company developed new products aromatic phosphate ester base, santicizer2148, is a low smoke, plasticizers, can be used for PVC car upholstery, fabrics, wall coverings, furniture and other flame retardants. Like ordinary aromatic plasticizer ( TPP), Santicizer2148 is a more effective smoke and flame retardant. In addition, it also has the product alkyl, aryl than ever based compounds higher thermal stability. The original water fontanelle organic flame retardant field being no fontanelle organophosphorus compounds occupied.
No fontanelle machine phosphorus flame retardants another important characteristic is the application of phosphorus, nitrogen synergistic effect and best foamed carbon system. The above conditions, organic flame retardant containing fontanelle is gradually in a bad heat, and applied to the fabric flame retardant containing fontanelle non organic phosphate performance is quite good, in a dominant position.
In two, the application of fire retardant
( a ) the flame retardant finishing of cotton fabrics
Flame retardant finishing of cotton fabrics develops very quickly, at present more mature, flame retardant can basically self-sufficient, industrial production.
Durable flame retardant finish for cotton have roughly the following three methods:
1.Proban / ammonia process, Proban is a British Wilson company first used in industrial production, the traditional method of Proban is flame retardant THPC ( four hydroxy methyl chloride leaching Fang ) after rolling baking process, improved method is Proban / ammonia process, the process for the flame retardant finishing of: dipping, drying, ammonia oxidative to washing and drying.
Domestic meter Beijing Guanghua, printing and dyeing plant in Jiangyin, Anshan cotton textile printing and dyeing factory introduction of foreign auxiliaries and equipment for production. It is currently accepted as good flame retardant effect, the fabric strength reduction, feel less impact process of small. But because of equipment problems limit its promotion.
2.PyrovatexCP finishing process. Domestic pesticide plant in Shanghai, Changzhou Institute of chemical engineering, Tianjin and wood, East China University of Science and Technology, Qingdao Textile College and other units of the auxiliaries production. Products of flame retardant performance, good durability, is resistant to washing 50 times or 200 times above, feel good, but strongly reduced slightly. The domestic use of the flame retardant agent manufacturer two, thirty.
Cotton temporary, semi durable flame retardant finishing -- electric blanket, cloth, sand release fabric flame retardant high washing times requirements is not very high, this kind of product do temporary or semi durable flame retardant finishing. The capability of 1 - 15 mild detergent, but not soaping. Alternative Title Main borax boronic acid, diammonium hydrogen phosphate process, phosphorus acid amide, DCD process. The process application in cotton fabric industrial production is not much. Qiingdao University School of textile and garment of SFR203 belongs to semi durable flame retardant finishing agent.
( two) the flame retardant finishing of wool fabric
Wool has a higher moisture regain and ammonia content, it has good natural flame retardancy, but demand a higher standard, need to carry on flame retardant finishing. The earliest wool flame retardant finishing using borax, boric acid solution dipping method, products used in airplane decorative cloth. This method of flame retardant effect is good, but not washable. After 60 time using THPC treatment, washing resistance is better, but the process is complicated, rough hand, without wool fabric character. International Wool Bureau research method is the use of titanium, zirconium and hydroxy acid complexes on wool fabric finishing, obtain satisfactory flame retardant effect, and does not influence the handle of wool, so it is used widely. Mainly titanium, zirconium, tungsten metal complexing agent. Since 80 time later period, the home has several units research and development of wool flame retardant agent and finishing process, the results obtained are satisfactory. Tianjin Synthetic Materials Research Institute developed a composite WFR866 series flame retardant, a WFR866F ( with the complex of fluorine as main ingredients ), a WFR866B ( with a bromine containing hydroxy acid as main ingredients ). Tianjin Yan Li wool factory, Beijing woollen cloth-making factory, woolen mill of Beijing are used in flame retardant processing fine, woolen products. Qiingdao University School of textile and garment developed the SFW series wool flame retardant, and Jining wool factory, Weifang second woolen factory cooperation development of pure wool flame retardant products, product flame retardant properties reached or exceeded the level of domestic and foreign similar products.
At present, the pure wool fabric flame is mainly applied in the aircraft cabin, senior hotel carpet, curtains, wall materials and army colonels more uniform.
Synthetic fiber and its blended fabric flame retardant finishing
( three) the flame retardant finishing of polyester fabric
Polyester fabric flame retardant finish so far, also did not find a proper ideal flame retardant. Three ( 2.3 dibromopropyl ) phosphate ( TDBPP ) on the flame retardant polyester fibers have a certain effect, but have a carcinogenic effect. The United States of America Mo times Corporation (Mobilchemco ) launched a Antiblaze19T flame retardant, suitable for 100% polyester fabric, good effect, little toxicity. The Changzhou Chemical Industry Institute of manufacturing FRC1 that belong to the same products, knitting factory Changzhou, Shanghai knitting factory with the production of flame retardant polyester knitwear. In addition to bromine containing antimony compounds, finishing agents such as ten bromine biphenyl ether, six bromine ring twelve alkanes, three antimony oxide, five antimony oxide are studied, the working fluid in the binding agent is added, the flame retardant adhesive on fabric. But overall, finishing fabric flame retardant is passable, but feel hard, glaucous phenomenon, discoloration, finishing bath stability is not good. The main reason is flame retardant for large size, Yi Ju sink, and the fiber adsorption difference. According to foreign countries, particle size in 1520nm, then the flame retardant effect can be increased by 3 times, soft to the touch, washing resistance.
Home of polyester fabric in research are: Changzhou Research Institute of chemical industry, Changzhou knitting factory, Changshu weft knitting factory, Liaoning City Knitting Factory, China Textile University, Green College of textile and garment, Shijiazhuang textile warp knitting factory.
( four) nylon fabric flame retardant finishing
For other fibers, as phosphorus halogen flame retardant nylon flame retardant, the effect is not ideal. Hebei University with methylolated urea resin processing transport belts with nylon cloth, effect is good. Qiingdao University School of textile and garment with sulphur, bromine, antimony compounds on nylon taffeta fire-retardant coating finish, obtained better result.
( five) the acrylic fabric flame retardant finishing
Acrylic polyester, nylon more easily than combustion, oxygen index only 1818.5, is a flammable fibers. Qiingdao University School of textile and garment research and development of acrylic Plush decorative fabric series flame retardant, the suede fabric back flame retardant coating, product oxygen Buddha number amounts to 29 above, char length 8 cm below, basically no following ran, smoldering, developed acrylic wool fabrics can be used for automobile, airplane, hotels and family decorative cloth, sand release.
( six) the flame retardant finishing of polyester cotton blended fabric
Polyester cotton blended fabric in large quantities, the flame retardant products in the research is very active. Polyester and cotton is the two fibers, combustion performance, at the same time after blending the combustion process become more complex. Cotton fiber combustion after charring, and polyester combustion melting down, because the cotton fiber as support, can make molten fiber cluster, and prevent it from falling, so that melting fibers combustion is more intense, the so-called" support effect". The flame retardant finishing of polyester cotton blended fabric is more difficult.
In three, flame retardant fabric Scientific Outlook
Flame retardant science is an emerging discipline, but with the development of industrial technology progress, at home and abroad on the flame retardant industry needs and requirements are increasingly high. Developed on the flame retardant industry seriously quite, new fire retardant emerge in an endless stream. In contrast, our flame retardant industry in the development of new products need to be further improved, most of them remain in the imitation of foreign product stage. At the University of Science and Technology of China, State Key Laboratory of fire has begun to take shape, is being actively carried out a new generation of flame retardant research work.
Obviously, with the improvement of processing equipment and research strength increases increasingly, people on the flame retardant performance of the increasingly high. General speaking, the future development of flame retardant has roughly the following several trends:
1 the development of efficient, non-toxic, small effect on mechanical properties of flame retardant. Leading to reactive flame retardant development and has good compatibility with the additive type flame retardant development.
2 development of synergistic flame retardant, phosphorus, nitrogen, such as P N Br, bromine in molecules or molecular bonding.
3 with different application range of series flame retardant development
The future development trend of flame retardant textiles for recent field fire and drive, method is just the development of flame retardant fiber and fabric flame retardant finishing two aspects. The fabric is the key to the development of flame retardant finishing for cotton / polyester yarn, nylon, acrylic fabric flame retardant agent and processing method which will be the focus of future research.
Reference.
[1]." The manual fire", the people's Republic of China Ministry of Public Security Fire Bureau of Shanghai science and nuclear technology publishing house
[2 ]." Fire science and technology" ( 2004, China Fire Protection Association. )
[3 ] see also:" Van powerful editor Fire Island" ( 2004 ), the Central Party School Publishing House
Reference [4 ]" Textile Science Research" ( 2005), China Textile Academy sponsors
