In recent years, at home and abroad continue to occur gas and hazardous chemicals leakage, explosion, resulting in a large number of casualties and economic loss. In 1984 India BOPA methyl isocyanate leak farmers plant, killing 3150 people, 50000 people of blindness, 20000 people suffered severe poisoning, 150000 people treated; 1995 stunned the world Japan Tokyo subway sarin attack, resulting in 10 deaths, 75 people in, more than 5500 people rushed to hospital, caused the attention of world each country. Current, although our country has not occurred the similar large gas injuries, accidents, but also produced the Beijing Dongfang Chemical Plant, Xi'an" 3 / 5" gas explosion accident.
Along with the quick economic development of our country, chemical industry, subway, high-rise and underground construction and personnel highly concentrated place increasingly, especially to prevent chemical places these facilities and places of accidents, damage, timely and effective disposal of possible heavy disaster, accident, effectively protect the life and property safety, fire forces has become a pressing task.
A chemical disaster accident prevention, early work place
( a ) assigned responsibility for the area of chemical sites for special investigation, in the mastery of various items of the nature, quantity, risk, storage areas and the safety measures at the same time, according to the site environment tailored to fire fighting and rescue. On the area of storage, use, production of toxic substances, explosives, radioactive articles, radioactive materials and other inflammable and explosive chemicals unit to conduct a comprehensive census, register, the establishment of archives, accurately grasp the various items of the nature, storage areas, number of years, hazard, safety measures, and the relevant departments and professional studies may cause disaster range, characteristics, harm degree, implement security measures. The superior organs under the unified leadership, the formulation of chemical leak, explosion and other special hazard accident prevention and handling work plan, in order to populated areas as the focus, especially the underground shopping malls unit, must strengthen to the explosives, toxic materials, radioactive materials and other inflammable and explosive dangerous goods stowed position familiar, and timely to the superior authorities report situation, actively seek higher authority to send the relevant departments of the places emphasis on the unit and key sites for safety inspection and control, while strengthening the unit staff, security personnel to fire safety education, enhance oneself to live environment familiar, for increased weight on the scene of the accident of the organization of command, emergency disposal, closed and protection, evacuation, scene investigation, traffic control and guidance, as well as possible on the spot to hunt down criminals such as. The depth of the unit were investigated to develop plans, ask expert and production departments, clear various units within the division of roles and responsibilities, at the same time to ask the local garrison, the special force included in the action plan, unified command, the chemical leak, explosion and other special hazards, can quickly and efficiently be disposal.
( two) to improve the organization and command capability, strengthen the training and equipment, the establishment of efficient command system, perfect the disposal procedure, basic method. Shiyan City Fire detachment as a site emergency work main force, we should establish and improve the level of clear, a clear division of labor, quick response command system, ensure that the accident occurs, can quickly accept alarm, each unit each, efficient and orderly ground to and disposed of. One is at a large scale, high impact, take part in the rescue departments and force more circumstance falls, should be promptly reported to higher authorities, and the coordination of various departments integral field headquarters, unified command to participate in emergency rescue departments and professional strength; two is in the main by the public security fire department rescue situations like, our public security fire authorities shall have the power responsible for the unified command, and promptly report to the local government and relevant departments to announcement bulletin chemical accidents and the possible effects; three is responsible for the disposal site commanders must adhere to people first principle, to the spirit of brave, tenacious style and scientific attitude toward the implementation of command.
( three) developed a detailed response to chemical production the countermeasures, to consider the various possible emergency situations and field environment. First, to the scene to rescue the vehicle should adhere to the selected docked on hot side windward; adhere to the windward side windward or water; adhere to the selection in the upper or side windward deployed positions; adhere to select from the upper or side windward implement the battle spread. Second, set the scene for rescue command, the implementation of the unified command, police, ambulance and other relevant units to carry out their duties, doing relief work. Third, do a good job of personal protective, SWAT team entering the danger zone to wear air respirator, a protective clothing or protective clothing. Fourth, cool about informed staff, so as to understand the scene of the accident of the trapped number; and leaked material, time, position, form; and peripheral units, residents, terrain, power supply, fire and so on, is according to the scene must learn. Fifth, the use of detection apparatus for the determination of leaking material, concentration, diffusion, in confirmation of facilities, built (structure ) to build the danger, and accurate deployment of offensive and defensive line, position, disposal measures. In sixth, according to the enquiry into the case, and the detection result of color warning region; alert area is divided into: heavy and dangerous zone, light and danger zone, safe area, in the safety zone as the establishment of isolation belt; strict control of the region import and personnel, vehicles, and registered one by one. The seventh rescue group, set up, carry life-saving equipment quickly into the danger zone. Search the person in distress, take the right relief way, all saved the personnel to the safety area, to rescue personnel registration and labelling, will require treatment by the medical emergency rescue personnel department. Eighth, occupy the water, laying trunk, set positions, orderly, laying water hose, water curtain, dilution, degradation of leakage concentration; the spray gun to form a water curtain wall, prevent leakage to the important goal of expanding or dangerous.
Two place, chemical disaster accident characteristics
( a ) sudden, rapid proliferation.
Chemical place accidents occurred in a short period of time can lead to large amounts of toxic substances to leak, affected by climate, geographical environment and the reason of accident, and other factors, the rapid formation of gas clouds in space, resulting in large area and pollution diffusion.
( two) the material is complex, lively character.
Chemical raw materials and products of up to tens of thousands of species, most of which are flammable and explosive, toxic, corrosive substances, its material characteristics is very complex. General summed up with flammable and explosive, volatile, easy flow diffusion, easy to produce static electricity, easy boiling process, easy toxic spill corrosion characteristics, in order to rescue work to bring the enormous obstacles.
( three) environmental pollution, decontamination difficulties
Sudden chemical disasters, toxic and harmful substances can pollute the air and object surface, toxic gas omnipresent or staying in the contaminated zone in any one position does not escape, and toxic liquid is able to penetrate the surface to a depth of pollution, duration of at least a few hours, many days, months or even longer, the ecological environment will be severely pollution. Pollution zone, once formed, due to the contaminated area and the influence of the geographical environment, want comprehensive thorough decontamination is relatively passive, often need to mobilize social forces and military defense department, and fire forces joint action, choose suitable disinfectants for decontamination. In November 1, 1986, the Swiss Marcel praise the Dodds chemical factory fire accident, about 30 tons of pesticide and chemical raw materials into Western Europe 's famous the Rhine, the the Rhine soon became containing a large amount of phosphorus, sulfur and mercury contamination of venom flow, flow of more than 800 kilometers, the river flowing from a large number of dead fish and biological, person cultivate to water drinking, causing river along the coasts of France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Holland and other five countries suffer.
( four) structural diversity, be threatened by growing crises.
As a result of chemical production specificity determinant of chemical equipment characteristics, wraparound rising is" tower is bristly, shapes, high temperature and high pressure, pipe trench". Chemical enterprise fire, generally, the fire is very complex, often accompanied by explosion, appear large area, more three-dimensional fire, explosion and other combustion afterburning, complex formation, often causing heavy casualties and huge economic losses. Chemical enterprise fire characteristics of explosive danger, combustion velocity, fire and fire hazard characteristics of large complex.
In three, chemical equipment fire fighting and rescue measures
According to the characteristics of fire in chemical equipment, fire fighting, to adhere to the concentration of forces command, scientific guiding ideology, adhere to the "first control, after eradication of" tactical principle, adopt active cooling, cut off protection, valve shut off materials, focusing on offensive measures, strengthening safety protection, proper use of fire extinguishing agent, to ensure the effective quickly put out a fire, reduce fire loss and casualty.
In 1, the right device fire suppression of chemical basic premise
Suppression of chemical fire, must be the truth of scientific command, such as poor command, the method is undeserved, will run counter to one's desire, aggravate the damage and casualties, resulting in greater economic losses. Large fire fighting practice tell us the correct chemical equipment fire fighting, must be "two concentration, three make clear" as the basic premise.
( 1) adhere to the principle of concentration of forces command, seize control.
Concentration of forces, including the concentration of forces in the fire, the concentration of forces in the fire main aspects of the "two concentration". Chemical plant material flammable, fire spread fast, battlefield vary from minute to minute, danger has burst, the consequences are difficult to predict. In the early stage of the development of fire occurrence and control is the key of success or failure of fire suppression of chemical device. Because the chemical fire start appear large area, three-dimensional flow, combustion, explosion and superior forces to the scene, at the same time there must be sufficient fire power input, to" heavy unit" concentrate a superior force in the fire, while deploying interception, cooling, protection tactics, and consider the long time operation organization personnel replacement and fire extinguishing the general factors, should timely send reinforcements, arrangement of reserve forces, so that the fire fighting has control over. Of course, to master the fire control, must grasp the main aspects of the fire and the main direction of attack, capture main contradiction, to grasp the overall situation, in chemical plant fire, the fire perplexing, crisis appears again and again, but which will in some respects 1 - 2 links of the crucial place that affect the overall situation, or for the fire source, or as the crisis of fire. So the arrival of fire forces still concentrated his forces on the main aspects of the fire. The commander has focused his skills, do not blindly divided checks, or to go out, and be good at to the key position of attack, often at a point of breakthrough, problem solving, control the overall situation, grasp the fire initiative.
( 2) sure fire situation, provide the basis for the implementation of scientific command.
Suppression of chemical plant fire, must be the truth of scientific decision-making, avoid blindness, in peacetime to the chemical enterprise to carry out the "five with" based on the use of various channels of information, master the fire situation, to provide fire fighting command reference.
A, arrival before to find fire situation. When asked in alarm by alarm, on fire for general understanding. Mainly about ignition device name, combustion properties, there is no explosion and the casualties condition. And pay attention to the surroundings of the device. In to the fire road, especially near the fire, to observe the fire situation. Chemical plant tall, the material of high phosphorus content, with smoke, so in the event of major fires tend to stay away from fire will be able to see the fireworks at night with cupola, half way, once observed in this kind of situation, should be promptly reported by radio dispatch, dispatch reinforcements, and can make the commander for a big fight, fight a fierce battle prepared; and target is obvious, into position can begin fighting, the fire point attack.
B, after arrival to clarify the device characteristics and environmental factors. The fire brigade arrived at the scene after the fire, the device must be detailed understanding of production process, burning cooking characteristics, understanding the device itself and the material combustion products may have consequences and harm of fire; understanding the device around the environmental factors, there is no obvious influence. The understanding of these conditions, can make the fire command master scientific basis, including the main position selection, fire extinguishing agent selection, protection of key is, etc. Of course, the understanding of the situation, want to organize keen-witted and capable and reconnaissance group, and more attention should be paid to play the role of fire engineering technicians.
C, fighting to find any mutation symptoms. Chemical plant fire, fire or baked container, often can produce mutation, the tank pressure surge caused by the explosion, the Huangdao depot as the boil-over, caused a chain explosion, do some casualties and losses. Therefore, in the fire extinguishing powder process, to strengthen the fire mutation reconnaissance to understand, in addition to the professional and technical personnel consulted, to organize the forward observation group and using a variety of instruments and equipment, strengthen the combustion device and its adjacent to the device around the vessel observation measurement, generally, was surrounded by flames burning or baking device, container mutations can have certain signs of previous show, from the junior summed up the rule is: reactor, tower and other containers, the opening part hall guaisheng, indicates the container reaching abnormal condition, to the explosion combustion; tank flame turns from red to brown or white white, illustrate the tank pressure surge to the container, maximum pressure limit, the impending explosion; window is burning or baking has a drum kit, the containers will burst leakage; especially the pipeline or vessel leak large amounts of combustible gas, explosion, fire all the time in may. In a letter to the fire fighting, fire mutation on symptoms of understanding still should be placed in a very important position. Therefore, once the catch these symptoms, or can make officers caught short situation, take measures, change danger into safety; either decisive retreat, reduce casualties, save power, organize two attack, successfully put out the fire.
2, won the suppression of chemical apparatus fire initiative measures necessary
Fire suppression of chemical device, tactical and technical measures for fire is varied, depending on the. Some measures need to involve large numbers of troops, often battling troops coordination and a whole fighting; others use rarely, 2 - 3 people a combat group will be able to solve the problem; some measures is complex, often should carefully research, careful preparation, accurate computation can be implemented; some are very simple, a simple the operation can be completed; sometimes need extraordinary courage to decisive tactical decision; some is to be combined with the fine process technology. However, in practice, we feel deeply, in numerous tactical measures, several were basic, essential, commonly used and effective, most fire tactical measures, there are a few basic, essential, the commonly used effective, most of the fire will be used, the effect of the use of quite good. Fire forces to master fire initiative, effective suppression of chemical plant fire, must be familiar with, master and free to use these basic measures.
( 1) closing valve closure, fire control is essential.
Chemical production equipment as a whole, associated sex is very strong, a fire, affecting the entire production system, the fire with the material stream of supplies and exuberant out, along with the flow of the material spreading, burn severity, fire development and fire fighting time, also with material flow number and decision. So for the suppression of chemical plant fire, control the development of the most basic measures, just close the valve, comprising a liquid and gas. As of 1990 the company phosphate fertilizer plant Juan buffer tank explosion, fire brigade arrived at the scene, in the combustion device and the adjacent tank for cooling fire at the same time, the engineering and technical personnel guiding, the strong currents for cover and turn off the already burning ring B
